2- Hydrate

It is a result of the hydrogen bond that water can form hydrates. The hydrogen bond causes the water molecules to align in regular orientations. The presence of certain compounds causes the aligned molecules to stabilize and a solid mixture precipitates.

The water molecules are referred to as the “host” molecules, and the other compounds, which stabilize the crystal, are called the “guest” molecules, the guest molecules are more often referred to as “formers.” The hydrate crystals have complex, three-dimensional structures where the water
molecules form a cage and the guest molecules are entrapped in the cages.

SEPARATION

TYPES OF SEPARATORS

Separators are usually characterized by orientation as vertical or horizontal. They may be further classified as two-phase (gas-liquid) or three-phase (gas-liquid-liquid). Horizontal separators can be single- or double-barrel and can be equipped with sumps or boots.

Vertical Separators

Vertical separators are usually selected when the gas-liquid ratio is high or total gas volumes are low.
In a vertical separator, the fluids enter the vessel through an inlet device whose primary objectives are to achieve efficient bulk separation of liquid from the gas and to improve flow distribution of both phases through the separator. Liquid removed by the inlet device is directed to the bottom of the vessel.

separator

Hydrate

1- Introduction

In its most general sense, a hydrate is a compound containing water. For example, there is a class of inorganic compounds called “solid hydrates,” ionic solids where the ions are surrounded by water molecules and form crystalline solids. hydrates are composed of a small molecule and water.

Hydrates are crystalline solid compounds formed from water and smaller molecules. They are a subset of compounds known as clathrates or inclusion compounds. A clathrate compound is one in which a molecule of one substance is enclosed in a structure built from molecules of another substance.

Even though the clathrates of water, the so-called hydrates, are the focus of this work, they are not the only clathrate compounds. For example, urea forms interesting inclusion compounds as well.

Although hydrates were probably encountered by others earlier, credit for their discovery is usually given to the famous English chemist, Sir Humphrey Davy. He reported of the hydrate of chlorine in the early 19th century. In particular, he noted that the ice-like solid formed at temperatures greater than the freezing point of water, and that the solid was composed of more than just water.

Definitions

Definitions of Words and Terms Used in the Gas Processing Industry

absorber
A tower or column that provides contact between natural gas being processed and a liquid solvent.
absorption
The operation in which one or more components in the gas phase are transferred to (absorbed into) a liquid solvent.
acid gas

The hydrogen sulfide and/or carbon dioxide contained in, or extracted from, gas or other streams.
adsorbent
A solid substance used to remove components from natural gas being processed.
adsorption
The process by which gaseous components are adsorbed on solids because of their molecular attraction to the solid surface.

GAS INTRO

History of Natural Gas

Although naturally occurring gas has been known since ancient times, its commercial use is relatively recent. In about 1000, B.C., the famous Oracle at Delphi, on Mount Parnassus in ancient Greece, was built where natural gas seeped from the ground in a flame. Around 500 B.C., the Chinese started using crude bamboo “pipelines” to transport gas that seeped to the surface and to use it to boil sea water to get drinkable water.

OIL INTRO

The History of Petroleum

OIL PRODUCTION

Various theories have been advanced over the years as to the origin of petroleum proposing an animal, vegetable, mineral and even meteoric origin. Today, however, most scientists believe that oil and gas originated in plant and animal matter that accumulated in fine grained sediments at the bottom of ancient seas many millions of years ago. This theory suggests that oil originated as the remains of countless organisms that either lived in the sea or were deposited there with mud and silt from prehistoric rivers and streams.